Iran presidential candidate Hassan Rohani[/caption]New Iranian President Hassan Rohani showed flexibility and a willingness to compromise when he was the country's top nuclear negotiator years ago.
Despite Hassan Rohanis impressive revolutionary pedigree, it is his quarter-century of involvement withIrans nuclearprogram that will most interest theUSand Israel.
As the top nuclear negotiator from 2003-05, Mr. Rohani oversaw the only nuclear deal in which Iran agreed to suspend uranium enrichment, earning him the nickname diplomat sheikh and impressing his European counterparts as a smart and able negotiator.
Rohani is naturally courteous, respectful, and engaged. Hes straightforward and pragmatic to deal with but intensively protective of Iran, its people, and of the Islamic revolution, formerBritish Foreign Secretary Jack Strawwrote this week in The Telegraph.
Mr. Straw recalled a moment in October 2003, when he and theGerman and Frenchforeign ministers traveled to Iran to forge a nuclear deal. They were about to leave without it.
We then watched as [Rohani] worked the phones to the president [reformist Mohammad Khatami], and, crucially, to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei, to gain greater freedom of maneuver. It showed impressive flexibility. After a round of tough negotiations, we got a deal: theTehranDeclaration, Straw wrote.
That nuclear history is crucial to understanding Rohanis promises of moderation and recalibratingantagonisticrelations with the West.
In the US and European capitals, skepticism about an overnight transformation runs deep. The P5+1 group (the US, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany) has been engaged with Iran for 1.5 years mostly fruitlessly.
Rohani pledged that Iran will be more dynamic in P5+1 talks and says it is ready for more transparency to ease Western fears it seeks a nuclear weapon. But he has also made clear that Irans fundamental demands recognition of its right to peaceful nuclear enrichment and lifting nuclear-related sanctions have not budged.
There is now a chance of moving from the confrontation era to the cooperation era, says SeyedHossein Mousavian, a former member of Rohanis negotiating team now at Princeton University.
Presidents do not trumpSupreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khameneis decisions on the nuclear file, but they set a tone. President Mahmoud Ahmadinejads provocative rhetoric virtually dared world powers to pile on sanctions, and current nuclear negotiatorSaeed Jalilihas been criticized as inflexible.
[Rohanis] strategy is really based on cooperation, on engagement and common interests and removing hostilitiesand resolving every problem in a peaceful way, says Mr. Mousavian, describing the cleric as a strategic thinker who consults with everyone and argues a lot, different aspects, different scenarios before making a decision.
Hardliners have attacked Rohanis conciliatory approach for years, accusing him ofsuspending enrichment in a 2004 deal for nothing,prompting Iran to resume enrichment in mid-2005. Even Khameneicast the deal as a mistakeand said he doubted the Europeans would follow through.Mohammad ElBaradei, chief of the UN nuclear watchdog agency at the time, said the agreement Rohani struck with Britain, France, and Germany was fundamentally watered down under American pressure.
Iran"moved rapidly"and suspended enrichment within a week, writes Mr. ElBaradei in his 2011 memoir. But the deal fell apartmonths laterbecause the offer prepared by the Europeans proposed few of the benefits discussed at the time of theParis Agreement. Not only was the proposal meager, but its tone was patronizing, bordering on arrogant.
Yet in a 2004 speechto Iran's Supreme Cultural Revolution Council,Rohani described how during earlier negotiationsIran was simultaneously expandingits uranium conversionwork.
Whilewe weretalking with the Europeans in Tehran, we were installing equipment in parts of the facility inIsfahan, he said. By creating a calm environment, we were able to complete the work in Isfahan.
He also spoke then about the depth of mutual mistrust: They think we are out to dupe them, and we think in the same way that they want to trick and cheat us.Therefore, we should build trust, step by step and in practice.
Interestingly, Rohani states: "In the end, we the Europeans and us might compromise, accept something less than 100 percent, and reach an accord."
Rohanis rhetoric is qualitatively different from the firebrand enemy theme of recent years, and his election presents a new opportunity for the West, Mousavian says.
The question is: Whether the West will have learned enough lessons, and whether they would again miss the new opportunity, or not, he says. Will the international community specifically the US follow the [same] regime change [policy], radical threats, pressures, isolation, all this you have heard for 30 years? Or this time will they really go for a genuine, sincere engagement?
Rohani will almost certainly choosea new nuclear negotiatorto replace Jalili, after the criticisms leveled at the current team.Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi, a former head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran who has a PhD in nuclear engineering from MIT,is reportedly on the shortlist.
Yet P5+1 negotiators are unlikely to be uniformly reassured.Like other Iranian officials, Rohani has publicly rejected nuclear weapons, but speaks strongly about Iran's right to nuclear energy.After so many years grappling with the nuclear issue, including writinghis own 1,200-page memoir on Iran's nuclear diplomacy,Rohani's views are relatively well known.
In the 2004 closed-door speech Rohani acknowledged that Iran's secrecy in the early stages of its nuclear effort "is the root of all problems. If we had done it openly, the problem would have been far simpler."
If one day we are able to complete the [nuclear] fuel cycle and the world sees that it has no choice, that we do posses the technology, then the situation will be different, Rohani said, according to a September 2005 transcript by thequarterly journal of Iran's Center for Strategic Research, the Expediency Coucil think tank of which Rohani has been director since 1992. A translation is posted online byarmscontrolwonk.com.
The world did not want Pakistan to have an atomic bomb or Brazil to have the fuel cycle, Rohani said. But Pakistan built its bomb and Brazil has is fuel cycle, and the world started to work with them. Our problem is that we have not achieved either one, but we are standing at the threshold. As for building the atomic bomb, we never wanted to move in that direction.
By The Christian Science Monitor
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